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Int. j. odontostomatol. (Print) ; 1(1): 7-15, jul. 2007. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-530276

ABSTRACT

La regulación del crecimiento y desarrollo cráneo-facial está controlada por una serie de interacciones celulares y con la matriz extracelular que estimulan los procesos de proliferación y diferenciación. De fundamental importancia es la cresta neural, una población de células especializadas de células progenitoras que generan los huesos, cartílagos y tejido conectivo de la región. La mandíbula se forma por osificación membranosa en el mesénquima del primer arco faríngeo, pero desarrolla cartílagos secundarios como centros de crecimiento en el cóndilo, en el proceso coronoídeo, en el ángulo mandibular y en la sutura intermaxilar (sínfisis). Estos cartílagos difieren en su origen, su estructura histológica y su respuesta a factores hormonales, metabólicos y mecánicos con respecto a los cartílagos de los huesos largos. Debido a que las células proliferativas son mesenquimáticas y no cartilaginosas, los mecanismos celulares y moleculares que regulan el crecimiento en los cartílagos secundarios, son todavía muy poco conocidos. Los productos génicos BMP (proteina morfogenética de hueso), Ihh (Indian hedgehog), FGF (factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos), Sox-9 y VEGF (factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial) son de gran importancia en el crecimiento mandibular. Este trabajo resume la información reciente acerca de los factores de crecimiento y factores de transcripción, potenciales reguladores del proceso de osificación membranosa y del crecimiento de los cartílagos secundarios de la mandíbula.


Regulation of growth and craniofacial development is controlled by the interactions of cells with each other and with the extracellular environment through signal transduction pathways that control the differentiation process by stimulating proliferation or causing cell death. Of fundamental importance to mandibular development is the neural crest, a specialized population of stem and progenitor cells which generate the bone, cartilage and conjunctive tissue of the first branchial arch. The mandible arises by intramembranous ossification, but develops secondary cartilages as growth centers. Secondary cartilages of the mandible arise in the condylar process, in the coronoid process, angular process of the mandible, and in the intermandibular suture (mental symphysis). These are different, not only in their origins, but in their histologic organization and in their response to hormonal and mechanical factors with articular cartilages of long bones. Because the cells that divide to effect growth and adaptation in these cartilages are of perichondrial/periosteal rather than chondrogenic origin, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate their growth are only beginning to be understood. The main differences of secondary cartilages from cartilages of the limbs and cranial base are, that condylar condroblasts arise from undifferentiated conjuntive cells and the appearance of vascular canals that cross cartilage perpendicularly and connect with the ossification zone. Collagen type I seems to be more important in this process than collagen type II. BMP signaling maintains regulatory roles in skeletons and skeletal growth. Indian hedgehog, Sox-9, fibroblastic growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are also important in mandibular growth. This article summarizes information regarding growth factors and transcription proteins that are potential growth regulators in these secondary cartilages.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mandible/growth & development , Chondrogenesis , Cartilage/growth & development , Mandibular Condyle/growth & development , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism , Osteogenesis , Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism , Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism , Transcription Factors
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